If this were a make or buy decision based on safety and economics the
answer would clearly be buy. However, as others have pointed out this is
an excellent opportunity for learning important skills. The student is
highly motivated and with appropriate guidance they can develop skills
in Process Hazard Analysis and Critical Fault Analysis. Trials on a
small scale followed by gradually scaling up teaches other useful lessons.

The rocket fuel stage is an ambitious next step. For actual use, this
obviously requires a rocket, which requires a whole other set of skills
and knowledge to build and test. The student should be advised to seek
out the advice of experts in these fields if they proceed this far.

Dave Lane
Principal
Clavis Technology Development

On 10/14/20 10:18 AM, Harry J. Elston wrote:
> Laurie,
>
> Why not just buy it and shove the risk on to someone else? It's
> commercially available from Fischer and Sigma Aldrich in relatively small
> quantities (500 mL).
>
> Just because you can do it, doesn't mean you should.
>
> Harry
>
> Sent from my mobile device
>
> On Wed, Oct 14, 2020, 11:36 Laurie Yoder wrote:
>
>> We have a senior chem student who has proposed making fuming nitric acid
>> by reaction of fertilizer and concentrated sulfuric acid. (wants to make
>> rocket fuel because this is what they do on youtube...) After my first "no
>> way on earth are you going to do this!" they looked up some safety
>> information and sent me the "proposal", copied below. This is a highly
>> motivated student who loves chemistry and legitimately wants to learn and
>> try new things so I hate to shut them down without taking the opportunity
>> for education. My problem is that everything about this looks high-risk,
>> and I need some help to sort it out to best communicate what the concerns
>> are, other than "you're going to injure yourself and damage the property."
>>
>> My question for the group is what do you see as the top risks here and
>> what would someone (in theory) need to do to mitigate them? I'm thinking
>> (hoping!) it should become obvious to the student why we can't manage it
>> here.
>>
>> Thanks for your help!
>> Laurie
>>
>> This is from the student:
>> "I propose to produce fuming nitric acid using distillation of an alkali
>> nitrate salt heated with concentrated sulfuric acid. Sodium Nitrate melts
>> at 308 C and is an oxidizer which begins to break down but does not have a
>> flash point. The high concentration Sulfuric Acid
>> https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sodium-nitrate#section=Boiling-Point
>> will have some water in it but the Nitric acid being continuously produced
>> boiling off should keep the temperature below 100 C anyway.
>> https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/944#section=Boiling-Point
>> The temperature will be continuously monitored and the heater will be shut
>> off if the temperature exceeds 150 C.
>>
>> "The reaction vessel will be a round bottom flask with a heater from there
>> the gaseous nitric acid will run through a still cooled with ice water and
>> covered with aluminum foil to minimize the breakdown of nitric acid into
>> NO2 due to UV light. The product will be collected in another round bottom
>> flask and the excess NO2 and uncondensed Nitric acid will be bubbled
>> through a water trap (we shouldn‰??t use rubber tubing here).
>>
>> "Products- Sodium Sulphate is a common fertilizer just like sodium nitrate
>> the last of the acid in the reaction chamber can be neutralized and the
>> waste can be easily disposed of as solid waste or mixed into the compost
>> pile.
>>
>> "Fuming Nitric Acid- This is the product we are interested in collecting.
>> It will be used by XXX as the oxidizing agent in a model rocket. Fuming
>> Nitric acid quickly destroys Nitrile gloves, setting them alight and
>> melting them. For this reason an alternative is necessary. Vinyl gloves
>> deform a bit but do not melt or burn on contact with Fuming Nitric acid.
>> Therefore obtaining Vinyl gloves and a Vinyl smock could also be a
>> productive option. That said, direct skin contact with fuming Nitric acid
>> is not as damaging to the skin as solutions containing more water. As long
>> as it is promptly removed working without gloves would potentially be a
>> viable option. All work will take place in the hood because gaseous nitric
>> acid and NO2 are continuously released. Once the Fuming Nitric Acid is
>> isolated it can be stored indefinitely in an amber glass container with a
>> teflon sealed lid.
>>
>> "Nitric acid from water trap- This product‰??s density can be measured to
>> determine its concentration. Then it can be stored in glass for use in
>> other experiments.
>>
>> "NO2 gas- We will do our best to minimize the production of this side
>> product. Nitric acid breaks down into NO2 faster at high temperature and
>> with more light. We will minimize the necessary temperature in the reaction
>> pot, and ice the condensing regions and product. All the glassware
>> connections will be greased using the same sulfuric acid in the reaction
>> pot which would be a good reason to wear vinyl gloves. This will seal the
>> reaction with the overpressure continuously bubbling into the trap where
>> more of the gas can condense and the extra NO2 will be pumped out of the
>> hood where the entire synthesis will occur.
>>
>> "Additional considerations
>> Limiting personnel access- Because the Chemical prep room is the only hood
>> which is off limits to most students during the day it would be the ideal
>> location for this synthesis. 2 people will monitor the reaction at all
>> times and eyewashes and a shower are readily available. There is a
>> designated fire extinguisher on hand and the labspace is not used too much
>> so it can be cleaned up and sorted to meet our needs.
>> Eye protection- Eye protection will be worn at all times
>>
>> "YouTube Sources
>> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmCdrDLyNXQ&t=502s
>> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUzMms62hKw
>>
>> "Duke OESO Guidelines for Safe Use of
>> NITRIC ACID...[lots more copied and pasted stuff from internet...]
>> --
>> Laurie M. Yoder, PhD
>> Assistant Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Hygiene OfficerEastern
>> Mennonite University
>> 540.432.4420
>>
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